Environment (other)

A snowfield is an accumulation of snow that persists throughout the year, even during warmer periods and the absence of snowfall. The snow falls on top of ice, partly why it is able to remain even in these more temperate periods. While some may see them simply as a field of snow, these geographic features...

Also known as salt pans, salt flats are large areas of ground which are covered in salts due to evaporated water. These are naturally occurring areas which are usually in the form of shallow water basins. The water in these basins need to be saline, meaning they naturally contain a lot of salt. This means...

Soil science is the study of soil, a complex natural system that plays a vital role in agriculture, environmental protection, and human health. Soil is a mixture of minerals, organic matter, air, and water that supports plant growth and provides habitat for a wide range of organisms. Soil scientists study...

Glacial moraines are large deposits of debris which are left over from the movements of glaciers. However, they are not simply waste byproducts created by glaciers. When we observe the structure and form of glaciers, we can see they are divided into various parts. The moraine is a fundamental part of this...

Geographical space is a term used in the field of geography to describe the particular way in which a society is organized within a physical space. This means that it is a concept which is important to both human and physical geography. We can understand this concept best by looking at how societies...

The salinization of aquifers is when these freshwater groundwater reservoirs become saline, i.e. water that has more dissolved salts than fresh water should contain. Aquifers contain much of the world's water resources since they often contain salt water which we can use for drinking and many other purposes...

All types of aquifers are important for the water cycle below the Earth's surface, but the different types affects their function. For this part of the water cycle, rainwater infiltrates the ground, occupying pores and cracks in the subsoil, giving rise to underground runoff. Water is stored in aquifers...

Water resources are the natural sources of water which are useful to human society. While this water will be important for all life on the planet, it is sometimes not directly accessible to other forms of terrestrial animals. This means these water resources need to be extracted. While there is an abundance...

Geodiversity encompasses a variety of geological and geographical elements which make up our planet Earth. This includes the various types of rock formation which are themselves made up of composite minerals which interact in fascinating ways. We can see such geodiversity in soils which not only vary...

Understanding the difference between organic and inorganic compounds is a fundamental principle in chemistry. Essentially, the difference between inorganic vs. organic matter is to do with the presence of carbon. Although this is important on a molecular level, it is a topic which has a great impact on ecology....

Landslides are the downward movement of a mass of soil, rock, debris, or a combination of these materials along a slope or hillside. They can be caused by a variety of factors, including heavy rainfall, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and human activities such as deforestation and road construction....

Floods are a natural disaster that can be caused by a variety of factors, including natural meteorological phenomena, human-induced construction and activities, and climate change. While some floods are uncontrollable and unpredictable, others can be prevented or mitigated with proper planning and management. This...

Aquaculture is a set of activities, techniques and knowledge on the cultivation of aquatic plant and animal species. Different areas will have their own specialized crops and livestock depending on their requirements. As a farming model, aquaculture provides many advantages such as reducing the overexploitation...

The world's seas and oceans are currently facing significant environmental challenges, including pollution, which have a notable impact on fisheries. One of the most pressing issues in recent years is overfishing. It is not only a concern in marine environments but also affects terrestrial ecosystems due to activities...

Forest fires, also known as wildfires, are natural or human-induced infernos that ravage vast expanses of wooded areas, leaving destruction and ecological impacts in their wake. These fires are a formidable force of nature, capable of spreading with astonishing speed and intensity, fueled by the abundance...

Mid-ocean ridges (MORs) are geological formations found at the bottom of oceans. At first glance, they may appear to be simple seamounts (underwater marine mountains), but their composition is both more complicated and more impactful on the ocean ecosystems in which they are located. Mid-ocean ridges, are long...

The exposome is a concept that refers to the cumulative environmental factors to which an individual person is exposed throughout their lifetime. This refers to the time period between birth and death. While it is helpful to understand the negative environmental factors which can harm the human organism,...

Soil formation takes a long time and is generated in a process which results in layers of varying composition, consistency, texture and color. These layers are known as the different soil horizons. When we look at how these different soil horizon layers are arranged, we can see what is known as the soil...

In the intricate tapestry of ecosystems, biotic factors play a crucial role in shaping the dynamics of life. An ecosystem comprises a delicate balance of both biotic and abiotic factors, with biotic factors representing the living organisms and the intricate relationships they form. When we think of biotic...

Sea waters, also known as ocean waters, encompass the vast bodies of saltwater found on Earth. They are a significant component of the hydrosphere, comprising about 97% of the planet's water. The distribution of ocean waters is extensive, covering approximately 70.8% of the Earth's surface. These expansive...

The enchanting rise and fall of ocean waves has always stirred our imagination. But behind their serene beauty lies a powerful force of nature that shapes and reshapes the intricate contours of our coasts. This force is known as coastal or marine erosion, a fascinating geological process that shapes the...

A heat wave can be generally defined as a period of prolonged hot weather which is excessive for a given climate. They are among some of the most devastating weather events, especially because their nature means they occur over a prolonged period of time. A consensus agreement has not yet been reached...

Forest fires pose a significant threat to natural territories in many countries, particularly during the warm months. The scale of destruction caused by these fires can be catastrophic, as witnessed in various regions such as the Amazon and Australia. While the commendable efforts of emergency teams and...

The striking red mineral known as cinnabar has fascinated people for centuries with its unique properties and versatile applications. It has been used for everything from pigment in art to medicine and industrial processes. Although it is highly prized for its bright color, the use of cinnabar also carries...

Biosecurity is the preventive measures various organizations take to prevent the spread of harmful organisms and ensure the health of an ecosystem. It is of vital importance to the health and wellbeing of all countries around the world, helping to prevent the spread of infectious agents that cause disease....

Forests and jungles are two of the most beautiful and fascinating natural environments on our planet. Both are filled with an abundance of life, from towering trees to exotic animals, making them some of the most fascinating ecosystems to study. Although forests and jungles share some similarities, they...

Every year, World Water Day is celebrated on 22nd March. This event was established by the United Nations in 1993 to raise awareness about the importance of safe water for world communities. While many of us take access to safe drinking water for granted, this essential resource for life is not available...

We should know that water gives life to our planet, but not all water is the same. Although 71% of the Earth's surface is covered by water, the vast majority is saltwater found mainly in seas and oceans. This saline water represents 97.5% of all water on Earth. While we may think the rest is freshwater,...

The temperature ranges of our planet are incredibly dynamic, but we can find the coldest zones at the poles. Especially during winter where there is no sunlight, temperatures drop dramatically with levels being recorded as low as -89 ºC (-128.2 ºF). The result of such sub-zero temperatures is found...

Supporting our environment is not a selfless act. Finding ways to reduce the impacts of climate change and the environmental degradation our world faces is the only way to ensure our future. The same applies to future generations. Knowing how to slow or even reverse the effects of environmental degradation...

We should all be aware of environmental impact in a general sense. When we discuss the environmental impact of something, we refer to the consequences certain actions have on the larger environment. Such impacts can be large or small and they do not always have to be negative. Our very existence will have an impact...

Deforestation will occur to some degree due to natural causes. Some ecosystems have their own ways of regenerating and continuing their lifecycles. Human action on various ecosystems has also caused deforestation, something which has been important for various types of infrastructure and other aspects of civilization....

It is easy to feel helpless when it comes to protecting our world's ecosystems. Corporations and industries which pollute and destroy on a large scale can make our own contributions can seem pointless. While it is true that individual responsibility will only get us so far in terms of conservation, it is...